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Quebec English is the common term for the set of various linguistic and social phenomena affecting the use of English in the predominantly French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec.〔Ingrid Peritz, "Quebec English elevated to dialect," Montreal Gazette, 20 August 1997〕 There are few distinctive phonological features and very few restricted lexical features common among English-speaking Quebecers. The English spoken in Quebec generally belongs to West/Central Canadian English whose Sprachraum comprises one of the largest and most homogeneous dialect areas in North America. The dialect is common in Montreal, where the vast majority of anglophones in Quebec live, as well as in large metropolitan areas of Ontario and Western Canada. It is very similar to General American English. English-speaking Montrealers also have established ethnic groups that retain distinct lexical features: Irish, Jewish, Italian, and Greek communities all speak discernible varieties of English.〔 Given that these communities have considerable mobility within Canada, they retain traits common in many Canadian cities. Important regional variations also occur in rural and remote regions near Quebec's borders and are associated with local cross-border contact. Rural Townshippers and Châteauguay Valley residents in southern Quebec are reported by some to have a dialect more similar to that of Vermont English. Isolated fishing villages on the Lower North Shore of Quebec speak Newfoundland English, and many Gaspesian anglophones speak Maritime English. Finally, the Kahnawake Mohawks of south shore Montreal and the Cree and Inuit of Northern Quebec speak English with their own distinctive accents, word usage and expressions stemming from their respective Indigenous languages. Over centuries of contact, numerous English and French words have also been incorporated into their languages. Francophone second-language speakers of English use an interlanguage with varying degrees of Quebec-accented pronunciation. For example, they often pronounce / instead of /; some speakers pronounce for the phoneme ; some speakers mispronounced some words; and some pronounce for the word ''message''. Since French-speaking Quebecers greatly outnumber English-speakers in most regions of Quebec, it is more common to hear this in public areas. Some English-speakers in overwhelmingly francophone areas exhibit some of these features (such as replacement of and by () and ()), but their English is remarkably similar to that of other varieties of English in Canada (Poplack, Walker, & Malcolmson 2006 〔Shana Poplack, James Walker & Rebecca Malcolmson (2006) An English “like no other”?: Language contact and change in Quebec.'' Canadian Journal of Linguistics.'' 185–213.〕). All of these variations constitute what is commonly perceived as Quebec English. Note: The following practices are denoted by the symbol ''N@'', as they are not deemed acceptable in English-language writing and broadcasting in Quebec. The same lack of acceptability holds true by standards of English outside Quebec. ==Native anglophone phenomena in Montreal== 1. The use of French-language toponyms and official names of institutions/organizations which have no official English names; this is probably not a uniquely Quebec phenomenon, though, so much as the practice of calling a thing by its name. Though not normally italicized in English written documents, these Quebec words are pronounced as in French, especially in broadcast media. Note that the reverse language status situation holds true when using French in a province such as British Columbia, where many of the province's entities have a designation only in English. :the Régie du Logement, the Collège de Maisonneuve :Québec Solidaire, the Parti Québécois :Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Trois-Rivières Particular cases: ''Pie-IX'' (as in the boulevard, bridge and subway station) is pronounced or , not as "pie nine". On the other hand, sometimes a final written consonant is included or added in pronunciation, where an historic English-language name and pronunciation exists among Anglophone or English-dominant Allophone communities associated with particularly neighbourhoodssuch as for "Bernard", which in French is known as ''rue Bernard''. ''Montreal'' is always pronounced (), following its historic official English-language name but ''Quebec'' is pronounced or . English-speakers generally pronounce the French ''Saint-'' (m.) and ''Sainte-'' (f.) in street and place names as the English word "saint"; however, Saint-Laurent (the former city, now a borough of Montreal) can be pronounced as in Quebec French , whereas Saint Lawrence Boulevard can be said as Saint-Laurent (silent ''t'') or as the original English name, Saint Lawrence. Sainte-Foy is pronounced not , which would be used elsewhere in English-speaking North America. ''Saint-Denis'' is often pronounced , or . Verdun, as a place name, has the expected English-language pronunciation, , while English-speakers from Verdun traditionally pronounce the eponymous street name as . Saint-Léonard, a borough of Montreal, is pronounced "Saint-Lee-o-nard" , which is reputedly neither English nor French. Used by both Quebec-born and outside English-speakers, acronyms with the letters pronounced in English, not French, rather than the full name for Quebec institutions and some areas on Montreal Island are common, particularly where the English-language names either are or, historically, were official. For instance, SQ → Sûreté du Québec (pre-Bill 101: QPP → ''Quebec Provincial Police'', as it once was); NDG → Notre-Dame-de-Grâce; DDO → Dollard-des-Ormeaux; TMR → Town of Mount Royal, the bilingual town's official English name. Finally, some French place names are very difficult for English-speakers to say without adopting a French accent, such that those proficient in French nonetheless choose an English pronunciation rather than accent-switching. Examples are Vaudreuil, Belœil and Longueuil in which pronunciation of the segment (spelled "euil" or "œil") is a challenge. These are most often pronounced as , and or less often . 2. ''N@'' (when written) – Older generations of English-speaking Montrealers are more likely to informally use traditional English toponyms that vary from official, French-language toponyms. In a notable generational distinction, this is uncommon among younger English-speaking Quebecers. :Pine Avenue, Park Avenue, Mountain Street, Dorchester Blvd., St. James Street – often used without St., Blvd., Ave., Rd., etc. (names for the designations "avenue des Pins", "av. du Parc", "rue de la Montagne", "boulevard René-Lévesque", "rue St-Jacques"; the English-language official designations have reputedly been revoked, although evidence for this is difficult to find) :Guy and Saint Catherine Streets :Town of Mount Royal, as it was chartered, which charter has not been revoked :Pointe Claire (English pronunciation and typography, instead of official "Pointe-Claire") 3. The use of limited number of Quebec French terms for everyday places (and occasional items) that have English equivalents; all of these are said using English pronunciation or have undergone an English clipping or abbreviation, such that they are regarded as ordinary English terms by Quebeckers. Some of them tend sometimes to be preceded by the definite article in contexts where they could normally take ''a/an''. :autoroute instead of expressway :branché instead of trendy (colloquial) :chansonnier instead of songwriter〔http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/jacques-parizeau-obit〕 :chez nous instead of "where we live" :the dep〔 – instead of corner, variety, or convenience store; from ''dépanneur'' :fonctionnaire or instead of bureaucrat :the gallery – instead of balcony :the guichet – instead of bank machine, even when all ATMs are labelled "ATM"; :marché – market :the metro instead of the subway; from the French ''chemin de fer métropolitain'' :poutine – French fries with gravy and cheddar cheese curds :primary one, two, three, in contrast to Canadian English grade one, two, etc. :resto – restaurant :the SAQ – the official name of the government-run monopoly liquor stores (pronounced "ess-ay-cue" or "sack"), the Société des alcools du Québec. This usage is similar to that in other provinces, such as in neighbouring Ontario where LCBO liquor stores are referred to as the "lick-bo" (for Liquor Control Board of Ontario). :stage – apprenticeship or internship, pronounced as :subvention – government grant or subsidy. The word exists in both French and English, but is rarely heard in Canadian English. :terrasse – the French pronunciation and spelling of the translation for 'terrace' is common among anglophones in casual speech, and considered acceptable in semi-formal expression such as journalism.〔Chez Alexandre owner takes down terrasse to comply with city bylaw http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/chez-alexandre-owner-takes-down-terrasse-to-comply-with-city-bylaw-1.3060453〕 :undertaking – business or enterprise 4. French-language first and last names using mostly French sounds. Such names may be mispronounced by non-French-speakers, for instance the r sound and silent-d of ''Bouchard'' --> . French speakers, as are most Quebec English speakers, are on the other hand more likely to vary pronunciation of this type depending on the manner in which they adopt an English phonological framework. :Mario Lemieux :Marie-Claire Blais :Jean Charest :Jean Chrétien :Robert Charlebois :Céline Dion This importation of French-language syllabic stresses and phonemes into an English phonological framework may be regarded as interlanguage or translation. 5. A limited number of lexical and phonological features that are more or less limited to Montreal. For example, in most of Canada, carbonated beverages are commonly referred to as "pop", whereas in Montreal they are known as "soft drinks". Also, Montrealers tend not to tense the vowel before nasal consonants, unlike most other (urban) Canadians, so that the vowel sound in "man" is more or less the same as the vowel in "mat", rather than being higher and fronter (cf. Boberg 2004). 6. Certain English-language grammatical improprieties: :"in hospital" rather than "in the hospital" 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Quebec English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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